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Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
Premature ovarian failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, is when a woman's ovaries stop functioning normally before age 40. The ovaries stop producing normal levels of the hormone estrogen, which can cause menopause-like symptoms such as:
- Irregular or missed periods
- Hot flashes
- Vaginal dryness
- Difficulty conceiving
Causes
There are several potential causes of premature ovarian failure:
- Genetic factors - abnormalities in the X chromosome or other genes can disrupt normal ovarian function
- Autoimmune disease - the body's immune system attacks the ovaries
- Cancer treatments - radiation or chemotherapy targeting the pelvic area
- Infections - mumps, tuberculosis, malaria
- Metabolic disorders - thyroid disease, diabetes
The exact cause is often unknown. Most cases occur spontaneously due to genetic factors.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Premature ovarian failure is diagnosed with blood tests measuring hormone levels (FSH and estradiol). Pelvic imaging tests can check ovarian structure.
Treatments aim to relieve symptoms and prevent complications:
- Hormone therapy - estrogen/progestin pills, patches, gels to replace missing hormones
- Osteoporosis prevention - weight-bearing exercise, calcium, vitamin D
- Emotional support - Counseling for the difficult diagnosis
The only way to achieve pregnancy is using an egg donor and in vitro fertilization. Some women regain ovarian function later and can conceive using their own eggs. Careful monitoring for the return of ovulation is important.
I tried to provide a detailed overview touching on main aspects of premature ovarian failure - causes, diagnosis, treatments, and impact on fertility. Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions!